1. Galilee had been under siege for months.

　A. imprisonment

　B. surrounding and attacking

　C. pressure

2. The candle flickered by the bed.

　A. shined brightly

　B. shined unsteadily

　C. shined steadily

3. Puffs of smoke were swirling up.

　A. moving back and forth

　B. moving round and round

　C. moving to and fro

4. The university conferred an honorary degree on him.

　A. created

　B. gave

　C. received

5. We fought with tooth and nail to get our plans accepted.

　A. teeth and fists

　B. great force or determination

　C. biting and hitting

6. How could they have justified all the violence unleashed on the prisoners?

　A. released

　B. used

　C. controlled

7. He finally succumbed to the temptation to have another drink.

　A. gave up

　B. gave in

　C. gave out

8. Marx spoke of the emancipation of mankind.

　A. struggle

　B. revolution

　C. liberation

2 Text
2.1Cultural Background

香烟的来历（烟草生长在美洲，哥伦布在那里发现了它。后来他返回欧洲，把烟草的事儿对大家讲了，人类开始正式认识香烟）

香烟在中国（中国第一支香烟于1897年出现在上海，这是美国人菲利克携带来华零售的，品牌有“品海”、“老车”两种，售价每支3文）

香烟在现代（我国是吸烟人口最多的国家，有超过67%的男性吸烟，总吸烟人口为三亿二千万，占全世界吸烟人口的四分之一，每年有80万人死于与吸烟有关的疾病）

The Marlboro Man Has Found Greener Pastures

　　The cigarette-selling cowboy may be under siege back home in the United States from lawmakers and health advocates determined to put him out of business, but half a world away in Asia he is prospering, his all-American mug slapped up on billboards and flickering across television screens. And Marlboro cigarettes have never been more popular.
　　For the world’s cigarette-makers, Asia is the future. And it is probably their savior. Industry critics who hope that the tobacco-scented streets of almost any city in Asia. Almost everywhere here the air is thick with the swirling gray haze of cigarette smoke, the evidence of a booming Asian growth market that promises vast profits for the tobacco industry and a death toll measured in the tens of millions.
　　At lunchtime in Seoul, throngs of fashionably dressed young Korean women gather in a fast-food restaurant to enjoy a last cigarette before returning to work, a scene that draws distressed stares from older Koreans who remember a time when it would have been scandalous for women from respectable homes to smoke.
In Hong Kong, shoppers flock into the Salem Attitudes boutique from among the racks of trendy sports clothes stamped with the logo of Salem cigarettes. In Phnom Penh, the war-shattered capital of Cambodia, visitors leaving an audience with King Sihanouk are greeted with a giant billboard planted across the street from his gold-roofed palace. It advertises Lucky Strikes.
　　According to tobacco industry projections cited by the World Health Organization, the Asian cigarette market should grow by more than a third during the 1990s, with much of the money going to multinational tobacco giants eager for an alternative to the shrinking market in the United States.
American cigarette sales are expected to decline by about 15 percent by the end of the decade, a reflection of the move to ban smoking in most public places in the United States. And sales in Western Europe and other industrialized countries are also expected to drop.
　　But no matter how bad the news is in the West, the tobacco companies can find comfort the third world, markets so huge and so promising that they make the once all-important American market seem insignificant. Beyond Asia, cigarette consumption is also expected to grow in Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe and in the nations of the former Soviet Union.
　　Smoking is not only tolerated in most of Asia, it is still fashionable. And for millions of smokers here, nothing confers greater status than a pack of American or European-brand cigarettes. No gift is more appreciated in Vietnam than British-made “555” cigarettes. In China, the choice is Marlboro. Among the gentry of Thailand, it is Dunhill.
　　Status appears to matter far more than taste. “There is not a great deal of evidence to suggest that smokers can taste any difference between the more expensive foreign brands and the home-made cigarettes,” said Simon Chapman, a specialist in community medicine at the University of Sydney, in Australia. “The difference appears to be in the packaging, the advertising.”
　　He said that researchers had been unable to determine whether the foreign tobacco companies had adjusted the levels of tar, nicotine and other chemicals for cigarettes sold in the Asian market. “The tobacco industry fights tooth and nail to keep consumers away from that kind of information,” he said.
　　Most governments in Asia have launched anti-smoking campaigns, but their efforts tend to be overwhelmed by the Madison Avenue glitz unleashed by the cigarette giants. Several Asian nations have banned cigarette advertising on television and radio in recent years, but the tobacco companies often find ways around the bans through indirect promotions that skirt the law—sports events, glossy advertisements for clothing brands or travel agencies that bear that name and logo of a cigarette brand.
　　With 1.2 billion people and the world’s fastest-growing economy, China is the most coveted target of the multinational tobacco companies. Cigarette consumption, calculated as the number of cigarettes smoked per adult, has increased by 7 percent each year over the last decade in China. There are 300 million smokers in China, more people than the entire population of the United States, and they buy 1.6 trillion cigarettes a year.
Competing in many cases with domestically produced brands, the multinational tobacco companies are moving quickly to get their cigarettes into China and emerging markets in the rest of the developing world. Their campaign has been bolstered by the efforts of American Government trade negotiators to force open tobacco markets overseas.
　　Since the mid-1980s, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand have all succumbed to pressure from Washington and allowed the sale of foreign-brand cigarettes. Foreign cigarettes, shut out of Japan in 1980, now make up nearly 20 percent of the market.
　　Anti-smoking groups in Asia, often critical of the Bush Administration for its aggressive pursuit of the tobacco industry’s agenda abroad, say it is too early to judge the Clinton Administration on the issue.
　　R. J. Reynolds Tobacco has manufactured its Camel and Winston cigarettes in Chinese factories since the late 1980s. year the American company also opened plants in Poland and Turkey and took stakes in two state-owned tobacco companies in Ukraine. “Worldwide hundreds of millions of smokers prefer American-brand cigarettes,” James W. Johnston, chairman of Reynolds Tobacco Worldwide, wrote in his company’s 1993 annual report. “Today, Reynolds has access to 90 percent of the world’s markets; a decade ago, only 40 percent. Opportunities have never been better.” Last year, Philip Morris, the company behind the Marlboro Man, signed an agreement with China National Tobacco Corporation to make Marlboros and other Philip Morris brands in China. The company’s foreign markets grew last by more than 16 percent, with foreign operating profits up nearly 17 percent. Operating profits in the domestic American market fell by nearly half.
　　Physicians say the health implications of the tobacco boom in Asia are noting less than terrifying, and there are frequent comparisons here to the Opium War of the mid-19th Century, when the British went to war to force the China to accept imports of a dangerous, addictive drug—opium, an important cash crop for British merchants. Richard Peto, an Oxford University epidemiologist, has estimated that because of increasing tobacco consumption in Asia, the annual worldwide death toll from tobacco-related illnesses will more than triple over the next two or three decades, from about 3 million a year to 10 million a year.
　　“If you look at the number of deaths, the tobacco problem in Asia is going to dwarf tuberculosis, it’s going to dwarf malaria and it’s going to dwarf AIDS, yet it’s being totally ignored,” said Judith Mackay, a British physician who is a consultant to the Chinese Government in developing an anti-smoking program. The explosion of the Asian tobacco market is a result both of the increasing prosperity of large Asian nations and a shift in social customs. In many Asian countries, smoking was once taboo for women. Now, it is seen as a sign of their emancipation.
　　In explaining the boom in tobacco sales here, physicians and researchers also point to the cigarette companies’ multimillion-dollar marketing campaigns. “Just four or five years ago, there wasn’t a tobacco advertisement to be seen anywhere in Shanghai,” said Dr. Mackay during a recent visit to China’s most populous city. “Now, just as soon as you land at the airport, it’s a bombardment, an absolute visual disgrace, with signs everywhere for Marlboro, Kent, all of them. On the streets, they’ve got a huge series of neon signs and billboards. Almost every telephone kiosk has a cigarette advertisement.”

Total words: 1 286

Total Reading Time:     

Reading Comprehension
Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. The author uses the phrase “greener pastures” to mean        

1. the fertile grassland

2. the market in the United States

3. the market in Asia and the throughout the third world

2. With which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?

1. The multinational tobacco companies are headed for extinction.

2. Tobacco industry critics are wrong in believing that tobacco industry is headed for extinction.

3. Tobacco industry critics are wrong in not paying a visit to an Asian city.

3. Cigarette sales in America and Western Europe are expected to       .
　A. remain the same
　B. rise
　C. fall
4. According to the author, people in Asia shift to more expensive foreign cigarette brands for        .
　A. their taste
　B. the status that goes with them
　C. their low level of tar, nicotine and other chemicals
5. It can be inferred that      .
　A. most governments have launched successful anti-smoking campaigns
　B. tobacco companies have failed in promoting their products
　C. tobacco companies often find ways to advertise cigarettes within the legal framework
6. The author mentions the Bush Administration in order to show that       .
　A. the U.S. government doesn’t support tobacco companies’ marketing
　B. tobacco companies’ marketing campaigns abroad have their backing from the U.S American government
7. In Judith Mackay’s opinion,        .
　A. cigarette smoking will take more lives than TB and AIDS do, and people are aware of the problem
　B. since cigarette smoking will take less lives than TB and AIDS do, people ignore the problem
　C. although cigarette smoking will take more lives than TB and AIDS do, people ignore the problem
8. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards multinational tobacco companies’ efforts to increase sales in Asia?
　A. Sympathetic.
　B. Ironic.
　C. Critical.

◆Key to Reading Comprehension

Vocabulary Building
ΠDefinition
Define the following terms terms in your own words.
Smoking
Tobacco industry
Tobacco markets
Anti-smoking campaigns
Cigarette-giants
The Opium War

 Idiom
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate idiomatic expressions which are related to the idea of HARMONY. Make sure it fits the blanks.
　　　　　　bury the hatchet            button one’s lips
　　　　　Flow with the tide           hold one’s tongue
　　　　　Let sleeping dogs lie         mind one’s own business
　　　　　Rock the boat              　see eye to eye
　1. It is a good thing Jim         . If he had talked back, the police officer might have give him a ticket.
　2. Paul and his wife      . Whatever Paul wants to do, his wife does too.
　3. Jan told Steve to         . He had been telling her how to do her job and she did not want his help.
　4. Everyone had agreed to spend to spend the day at the beach. Then John changed his mind and said he 　wanted to go to the mountains. John        .
　5. Sam and Bill finally         . After fighting for weeks, they agreed to stop.
　6. Bill did not like what his friends had decided to do, but he went along with it anyway. He        .
　7. Sally’s teacher told her to          . She was so noisy that she was disturbing the class.
　8. Barb did not tell her mother that she had broken her mother’s favorite vase. Instead, she bought a new 　one. She thought it was   better to         .

General Vocabulary Exercise
Use the appropriate form of the word given in the brackets to fill in the corresponding blank.
　1. The Indians burned the farm as a         gesture. (retaliation)
　2. Most people have a         knowledge of some other language. (rudiment)
　3. I wouldn’t be so          as to tell you what to do. (presumption)
　4. The road map completely          the tourists. (perplexity)
　5. I am          to discussing politics in public. (aversion)
　6. The analyst’s          later proved to be very accurate. （conjectural）
　7. Alexander Pope was a great English        .（satirical）
　8. The fans shouted        when the team won the game. （boisterous）
　9. Most national parks have an        of wild life.（abound）
　10. The actors forgot their lines and       the scene. （improvisation）

 Analogies
Select the lettered pair that best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair.

1. GUST:WIND          

　　A. water: sea             　　B. flare: light
　　C. cloudburst: torrent      D. discord sound
2. COMPLIMENT: FLATTERY:
　A. eulogy: excoriation      B. deference: subservience
　C. wisdom: wit            　　D. sincerity: hypocrisy
3. UPBRAID: DISAPPROVAL:
　A. rankle: resentment       B. mortify: distress
　C. beg: favor              　D. lament: grief
4. LIMP: WALK
　A. stumble: run            B. sneeze: breathe
　C. flap: fly                　D. stutter: talk
5. CREEK: RIVER:
　A. fuel: log               B. pebble: rock
　C. leg: desk               D. island: water
6. RIVAL: COMPETITION:
　A. mentor: praise          　B. mendicant: confusion
　C. sycophant: flattery       D. litigant: morality
7. METEOROLOGY: WEATHER
　A. astronomy: physics      B. anthropology: fossils
　C. pedagogy: textbooks     D. pathology: disease
8. RESOLUTENESS: WILL:
　A. zeal: conviction         　B. honor: restitution
　C. esteem: adoration        D. anguish: hesitation

Key

Cloze
Read through the following passage and then decide which of the choices given below would correctly complete if inserted in the corresponding blanks.

　　Information and education programs    1    smoking have been intensified in France. Tobacco taxes have also been   2   Regularly, and in 1991, France adopted a comprehensive tobacco control law. This law, which was phased   3    and came fully into force in 1993, bans tobacco advertising, fixes maximum tar yields, and requires strong health   4   on both the front and the back of the back of the package.   5  , the law also controls smoking in transport, public places and workplaces by either banning it altogether or limiting it to just a few   6   areas. A non-governmental organization, the National Committee Against Tobacco Use, has been especially active in encouraging strict   7   of the tobacco advertising ban. Early attempts to find ways   8   the law led the National Committee Against Tobacco Use to  9  charges against the alleged violators. These resulted in a number of successful convictions, which, in turn, have led to near-total observance of France’s strict ban on direct and indirect tobacco advertising. By 1995, tobacco   10   had fallen by 7.3% since 1991 when the comprehensive tobacco control law was adopted

1. A. for             　　　B. about        　　　C. against       　　　　D. on
2. A. decreased    　   B. increased    　 　C. reduced      　　　　D. cut
3. A. in             　　　B. out         　　　 　C. up           　　　　　D. down
4. A. guarantee      　B. protection     　　　C. advice        　　　　D. warnings
5. A. Moreover      　　B. However     　　　C. Nevertheless   　　D. Still
6. A. smoky         　　B. smoking     　　　C. non-smoke     　　　D. non-smoking
7. A. observance     　B. observatory   　　C. observation   　　　 D. observe
8. A. away         　　　B. out          　　 　C. off          　　　　　 　D. around
9. A. give         　　 　B. take          　　　C. bring        　　　　　 D. get
10. A. consuming    　B. consumption   　C. consumer    　　　　 D. consummation

key