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Directions: You are expected to study this section in class. Don’t preview.
- Word Pretest
For each italicized word, choose the best meaning below.
1. Those who left for reasons other than a well-founded fear of persecution were designated for repatriation.
A. punishment
B. imprisonment
C. sending pack to their own country
2. We mustn’t let things fester.
A. remain the same
B. change for the better
C. become worse
3. He sought asylum in Brazil.
A. mental hospital
B. protection given to a person by his home country
C. protection given to a person by one country from arrest in another
4. He has been an exile for fifteen years.
A. a person who has been living abroad
B. a person who has been involved in political activities
C. a person who has been forced to leave his country for political reasons
5. Wherever he goes, he readily accommodates to new circumstances.
A. adapts himself to
B. finds a lodging in
C. makes a close study of
6. He gave a gold brooch as a token of esteem.
A. reminder
B. representation
C. badge
7. The main impediment to development is the country’s huge foreign debt.
A. aid
B. block
C. way
8. The country is now undergoing economic rehabilitation.
A. reform
B. crisis
C. recovery
2 Text
2.1Cultural Background
难民是指一切由于种族、宗教、民族、加入某一社团，或政见不同等原因，不能获得原籍国保护；或原无国籍，现在原居住国之外，不能或不愿回原居住国的人。
难民是国际社会的一个特殊群体，是战争、种族迫害、部族矛盾、国家领土变动、政治避难、自然灾害、经济恶化等原因造成的一个不能或不愿回原籍国的群体，具有群体性、无助性、流动性、自发性和被动性的特征。
难民分为经济难民、战争难民、种族与宗教难民、政治难民、自然灾害难民等。经济难民是为了改善生活而“自愿”背井离乡的人，也称“非法移民”。自然灾害难民是因地震、严重的水旱灾害等原因被迫离开家园的人，往往能通过临时救济返回来源国。战争难民是为躲避战乱而逃离家园的人。每一类难民的属性又不是单一的，有时战争难民同时又是政治难民，灾害难民同时又是环境难民等。目前，国际上解决难民问题一般采用3种办法：自愿遣返、就地融合和第三国安置。
联合国《关于难民地位的公约》规定缔约国应给予其领土上的难民一定的待遇，其中包括，在初级教育、公共救济、劳动和社会安全等方面给以国民待遇；在动产和不动产、自由职业、房屋等方面给以至少不低于一般外国人并尽可能优惠的待遇；各国应尊重难民取得个人身份的权利，给予难民身份证件和保护他们不被驱逐出境，并尽可能便利难民的入籍和同化。
“世上最大的悲痛莫过于失去祖国。”这是一位古希腊诗人对难民悲惨境遇发出的慨叹。根据联合国难民署的统计，过去60多年来，全世界约有7500多万人因战乱、灾害等原因被迫离开家园。非洲和中东是世界上输出难民最多的地区。
6月20日是世界难民日。
Although the worldwide refugee population had decreased to 14.5 million by early 1995, the total number of persons of concern to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCK) had risen to 27.4 million. That number, however, did not include the 2.8 million Palestinian refugees who fell under the mandate of the United Near East or the estimated 26 million other displaced persons. UNHCR continued to implement a core mandate by providing international refugee protection and by seeking permanent solutions to their dislocation, preferably through voluntary repatriation. As a reflection of the increasingly complex displaced-population crisis, UNHCR also expanded its activities to assist 4 million returning refugees, 5.4 million internally displaced persons (those who had a refugee-like status but had not crossed an international border), and 3.5 million others of humanitarian concern.
The humanitarian crisis, provoked in 1994 by the flight of over two million Rwandans and Burundians in the African Great Lakes region, continued to fester. While disease was kept under control and nutrition remained sufficient, security concerns, environmental degradation, and ethnic imbalances strained the generosity of those African countries that had traditionally welcomed refugees. Zaire, host to the largest number of Rwandan refugees, began forcibly repatriating them. Tanzania, an asylum country for African even before its independence, sealed the border against further arrivals. Meanwhile, an estimated 750 000 refugees, mostly Tutsi who had left in the early 1960s, returned to Rwanda. Many of the former exiles took over houses abandoned recent refugees, a move that complicated the return of the new caseload. A meeting of these countries plus Uganda produced in November an agreement to return the refugees to Rwanda. In southern Africa the voluntary repatriation of 1.6 million Mozambicans was successfully completed in June. UNHCR turned its focus to helping their long-term integration into a devastated country. A duplication of the Mozambican repatriation was hoped for in Angola, where a fragile peace prevailed after 20years of civil war that had created 311 000 refugees and 2million internally displaced persons. In the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia was host nation to some 350 000 Somali, Sudanese, and Kenyan refugees. Somalia witnessed the return of some 127 000 of its nationals over a 54-month period. UNHCR assisted their reintegration by means of small-scale projects intended to bridge the gap between emergency relief and long-term development. In West Africa the formation of a new government in Monrovia ushered in prospects for an end to five years of fighting and the return of 794 000 Liberian refugees.
In former Yugoslavia aggressors and victims changed roles as the war increased the displace-person population. By the fall of 1995, fighting had displaced an estimated 500 000 people, adding to the 3.5 million refugees, displaced persons, and others of concern. The peace treaty signed in December raised the possibility that in the short term more people could be displaced to accommodate territorial adjustments. As a token of this some 750 rebels against the Bosnian government. Fearful of their reception, returned from Croatia. In Russia the year opened with a heavy-handed war in the self-declared independent republic of Chechnya. UNHCR assisted the 210 000 persons who had escaped to the neighboring republics of Ingushetia and Dagestan, while the International Committee of the Red Cross worked to aid those within Chechnya. UNHCR and concerned governments of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) developed a regional approach to the problems affecting refugees, displaced persons, and migrants in the CIS and relevant neighboring states. In 1994 western Europe experienced 40% decline in asylum applications compared with the previous year. Of the 338000 persons who applied, 47000 were granted refugee status and another 58000 were allowed to stay for humanitarian reasons. By early 1995 some 700000 persons from former Yugoslavia had been granted temporary protection.
The Afghan refugees who streamed out of their country after the 1979 invasion by Soviet forces were the largest refugee caseload of concern to UNHCR. About 2.7 million persons fled to Iran and Pakistan. As Afghanistan remained divided into regions of relative peace and ongoing combat, UNHCR attempted to encourage repatriation and reduce further outflows by intensifying its activities in safer areas within the country. A major impediment to return and rehabilitation—as was the case also in Angola, Cambodia, and Mozambique — was the presence of indiscriminately sown land mines. Although most of the 500 000 internally displaced Tajik and 60 000 Tajik refugees had returned to their places of origin within Tajikistan or in Afghanistan, some 34 000 Tajik remained displaced. In a departure, UNHCR supported the Tajikistan authorities in protecting returnees and attempted to resolve conflicts. The 15 000 Turkish Kurd refugees in Iraq endured further displacement and uncertainty when their camps were targeted during a Turkish operation against suspected Kurd militants. More than 600 000 Iraqi refugees, mostly Kurds and Arab Shiites, combined with 1.6 million Afghan refugees to make Iran the top country of asylum. Two years after the signing of a declaration of principles between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, Palestinian refugees were forcibly pushed out of Libya and put under increasing pressure to leave Lebanon as well.
More than 200 000 Burmese Muslim refugees had repatriated from Bangladesh since September 1992, and 50 000 remained in camps in Bangladesh. The repatriation of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees from southern India ebbed and flowed along with developments in Sri Lanka. More than 10 000 Sri Lankans returned in the first half of 1995, but 54 000 remained in camps India.
The plight of Haitians who had taken to the high seas was resolved. Following a political breakthrough in Haiti and the reinstatement of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haitians were repatriated, involuntarily in many in many cases. The repatriation of the more than 40 000 Guatemalan refugees in Mexico proceeded cautiously; the deliberate killing of returnees by paramilitary groups, notably in the fall, increased the wariness of potential returnees. The United States issued guidelines to help immigration officers grant asylum to women who were threatened with sexual violence. The new guidelines did not change the criteria needed for refugee status but rather educated asylum officers about gender-based discrimination and provided them with procedures and methods for evaluating refugee standards for individual claims.
Total Words: 1 055
Total Reading Time:
The text is based on “Population and Human Refugee” in Book of the Year 1996.
2.5Reading Comprehension
Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. The text tells us the present situation of refugees in .
A. Europe, Asia and Africa
B. Europe, Asia and America
C. Africa, Europe, Asia and America
D. Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania
2. Approximately how many people are under the responsibility of UNHCR?
A. 5.4 million
B. 14.5 million
C. 26 million
D. 27.4 million
3. Those African countries that had traditionally welcomed refugees are now reluctant to accept refugees because of .
A. security concerns
B. environment degradation
C. ethnic imbalances
D. Ethiopia
4. In discussing refugee problems, which of the following African countries is not mentioned by the author?
A. Egypt
B. Tanzania
C. Mozambique
D. Ethiopia
5. The Commonwealth of Independent States includes in .
A. western Europe
B. former Yugoslavia
C. former British colonies
D. former Soviet serious refugee problem was in .
6. To UNHCR, the most serious refugee problem was in .
A. Asia
B. Africa
C. America
D. Europe
7. Mozambicans are reluctant to return their mother land mostly because .
A. they are treated well in Angola
B. they have been granted refugee status by neighboring countries
C. there are still many unexploded by neighboring countries
D. their homes are take by the former exiles
8. The refugee problem is solved most successfully in .
A. Zare
B. Haiti
C. Russia
D. Sri Lanka
9. The author implies that the new guidelines issued by the United States .
A. changed the criteria needed for refugee status
B. treated men and women alike
C. gave priority to women who suffered sexual violence
D. helped refugees greatly
◆Key to Reading Comprehension
2.6 Vocabulary Building
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Definition
Define the following terms in your own words.
Refugee
IDP
Mandate
Caseload
NGO
Idioms
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate idiomatic expressions which are related to the idea of HUMILTY. Make sure it fits the blanks.
Down to earth think one is God’s gift to mankind
Show off put someone in someone’s place
Put on airs blow one’s own horn
1. You can depend on Ann. She’s very .
2. Stop________. You’re just human like the rest of us.
3. Carl________. Whenever he is with others, he starts to sing. I am tired of listening to Carl.
4. Andy _______.He came in first, and makes sure that everybody knows it.
5. The headmaster used his authority to ______all the boys ___.
6. Tom is always _____.Is he really as good as he says he is?
General Vocabulary Exercise
Use the appropriate form of the word given in the brackets to fill in the corresponding blank.
- The rugged terrain______ much of the park from the average tourist.(isolation)
- After one day of lessons and fun on the slopes, even beginners become about skiing.(enthusiast)
- The state also has a wealth of _______minerals.(vary)
- Denver’s population has grown _____over the past few years.(consideration)
- It is the ________of many foreign tourists to see all the national parks in the West.
- Few_____ were placed on the tough residents of mining and cattle towns.
- The ______ plan would improve the quality of air in the foothills of the foothills of the Rockies.
- To show her _____ for the excellent service, Russell gave the waiter in the Boise restaurant a big tip. (appreciate)
- The present size of these lakes is much smaller than their _____ size. (origin)
- The challenge of taming a wild horse and roping a cow ______ the basis of the rodeo. (creation)
Analogies
Select the lettered pair that best expressed a relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair.
1.INTELLIGENCE:IDIOT:
A. genius: imbecile B. talent: artist
C. stature: dwarf D. instinct: heredity
2. RED: YELLOW:
A. warm: cool B. blue: orange
C. danger: prohibition D. communist: fascist
3. LIBERAL: CONSERVRATIVE:
A. poem: essay B. broadminded: orthodox
C. freethinking: spendthrift D. benefactor: employer
4. SIMILE: METAPHOR:
A. prose: poetry B. different: implied
C. stated: suggested D. same: different
5. SHIP: HARBOR:
A. flower: garden B. village: people
C. nest: bird D. car: garage
6. ELEPHANT: IVORY:
A. detergent: soap B. chicken: egg
C. sheep: parchment D. dark: light
7. DOCTOR: DISEASE:
A. miser: gold B. illness: prescription
C. sheriff: crime D. theft: punishment
8. TRAIN: TRACK:
A. water: boat B. idea: brain
C. plane: clouds D. bullet: barrel
Key
♦ Cloze
Read through the following passage and then decide which of the choices given below would correctly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks.
Of all UNHCR programs involving internally displaced persons （IDPs）, former Yugoslavia has perhaps been the 1 problematic. When UNHCR was asked by the Secretary-General to 2 the lead humanitarian role in the region in late 1991, few imagined that the conflict would 3 so big, that the victims would eventually number so many, and that within months the program would be 4 UNHCR so much—nearly $1 million a day.
From an agency long used to 5 and assisting refugees they had reached the relative safety of an asylum country, UNHCR soon found itself in the 6 of a war zone in the worst refugee crisis in Europe since World War Ⅱ. UNHCR humanitarian staff suddenly 7 themselves caught in the crossfire while trying to help, not refugees, but millions of IDPs and other “war 8 ” people in communities like Sarajevo, Gorazde and Bihac. Twelve were killed in. UNHCR operations, and dozens were wounded. By 1993, UNHCR found itself, 9 The first time in its 40-year-history, in the midst of a conflict that the international community appeared 10 to stop. There seemed to be no way out.
1. A. more B. most C. less D. least
2. A. take B. hold C. bring D. give
3. A. happen B. advance C. extend D. grow
4. A. cost B. costing C. to cost D. costly
5. A. protected B. protecting C. protect D. be protecting
6. A. front B. back C. middle D. end
7. A. saw B. watched C. found D. discovered
8. A. affecting B. effected C. affected D. effecting
9. A. at B. for C. after D. in
10. A. powerful B. helpful C. powerless D. helpless
key
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