Directions: You are expected to study this section in class. Don’t preview.

Word Pretest

For each italicized word or expression, choose the best meaning below.

1. Diligent police work should help eradicate crime
A. erect B. establish C. remove
2. The price of the pelt of the sheep has dropped in market.
A. fur B. belt C. meat
3. This room is exclusively for women.
A. excluding B. not C. only
4. The playground is the children’s favorite haunt.
A. place where they often go
B. place where ghosts sometimes appear
C. place which the children hate
5. The boy showed ingenuity in making toys out of scraps of discarded wood.
A. cleverness B. generosity C. frankness
6. The hunters use wooden ducks as decoys to attract the flock.
A. toys B. lures C. targets
7. The military government has banned strikes and demonstrations.
A. permitted B. forbidden C. encouraged
8. The leopard is stronger than any other of the great predators.
A. animals that live on land
B. animals that eat other animals
C. animals that eat grass
9. Let’s meet halfway and each pay half the damage.
A. meet on the road
B. quarrel
C. compromise
10. The lovers arranged a secret rendezvous.
A. time B. place C. appointment

Key: 1. C 2. A 3.C 4. A 5. A 6. B 7.B 8. B 9. C 10. C

Text A

1. Background Information
2. Text:Little Brother of the Wolf

　　“Next to God,” goes the Mexican saying, “the coyote is the smartest person on earth.” Even if this is exaggerated, the fact remains that the coyote, if not the most intelligent of animals, is certainly the cleverest. He would have to be.
　　For two hundred years, the coyote has faced a steadily increasing campaign to eradicate him from the face of the earth. Many animals have faced such campaigns, but against no other animal has the campaign reached such heights of cruelty.
　　In the old days, the coyote was hunted for his pelt. When pelts dropped in price, he was hunted because he was supposed to be a cattle killer. When it was proven he wasn’t a cattle killer---- he lives almost exclusively on mice, moles, rabbits, insects, snakes and even eats fruit for dessert ---- he was hunted because he was supposed to be a sheep killer. Finally, when it was proven he wasn’t a sheep killer, he was hunted because ---- well, he was supposed to hunt what man wanted to hunt.
　　As such, there is no season for hunting coyote. For him, it is always open season. He is hunted by land and by air. He is hunted in the winter and in the summer. In such situations, the coyote’s only hope lies in his cleverness. There are many stories of coyotes outwitting hunters. They have even been known to jump on automobiles and flat cars to escape dogs. And they have also successfully resisted bombing. Once when a favorite coyote haunt in Texas became a practice range for bombing, the coyotes left ---- temporarily. Soon they were back to investigate and found that the bombing kept people out. They decided to stay. Meanwhile, they learned the bombing schedule and avoided bombs.
　　From some hunts, of course, there is no escape. In the Autobiography of a Hunter, there is a description of a typical hunt in the sandhill region of Nebraska. It was “a well-planned military move”, with a plane overhead to spot the coyotes and hundreds of hunters “came in trucks, armed with shortwave radios, powerful engines, clinging snow tires… each nervously fingering high-powered rifle with telescopic sight.”
When the coyote is not hunted, he is trapped. For the coyote, there are especially horrible traps ---- to match his ingenuity.
　　Once the coyote is caught, he has been known to chew off his own leg rather than remain in the trap. Actually thousands of coyotes have existed for life on three legs. Also, amazingly, there are thousands of two-legged coyotes. One female coyote in Michigan had only stubs for front legs ---- she ran like a kangaroo---- and yet, when killed, was bearing five unborn pups. In New Mexico, a coyote got along somehow with both feet missing from his right side, and still managed to raise a family.
　　Once two government trappers spent weeks tracking down and trying to kill a whole coyote family. First the nursing mother was trapped, then released after the trappers had fastened a chain to her. By the trace of the dragging chain, the trappers expected to follow her to her den where they could then wipe out the pups.
But for two weeks the mother coyote did not betray her family. Her mate brought food to her at night and kept the pups fed. And so, after days of frustration, convinced the mother would never endanger her young, the trappers tracked her down and killed her.
　　Later, however, they did get a chance at the pups. The trappers came upon them playing at the far side of the dam. At this moment, however, the father coyote suddenly appeared and, acting as a decoy, managed to divert the trappers’ attention until he was shot. His young had safely disappeared into the brush.
I have on my desk something called a “Humane Coyote-Getter,” which is advertised as the “Marvel of the 20th Century.” Humane? It is actually a whole trap gun. A bait is soaked in urine and covered with a jacket, then placed over a bullet cartridge, the whole being set in the ground. When the coyote investigates, the bullet is set off by a spring and shoots the coyote in the mouth with sodium cyanide. This in turn, on contact with the moisture in the coyote’s mouth, or eyes, or wherever it hits him, releases gas and the coyote gases himself to death.
　　This Coyote-Getter is, by coyote-getting standards, actually humane ---- at least compared to the more general way of killing coyotes. That is, plainly and simply, by poisoning them. All kinds of deadly poisons have been used on coyotes, and the United States government has poisoned more than a million coyotes on public land.
　　Finally, after years of effort by the Defenders of wildlife, Audubon, the Fund for Animals and other societies, president Nixon issued his now-historic Executive Order 11643, in February 1972, banning the use of most predator poisons on public lands. The order continues to be opposed by the National Wool Growers Association and others. Coyote hunters, meanwhile, seemed to be redoubling their efforts.
　　The hunters who have hunted and trapped and trapped and poisoned the coyotes cruelly have outraged coyote friends. The Fund for Animals announced a reward of $500 for prior information which led to the stopping of any hunt, and also announced that it would back any group engaged in breaking up such hunts by any means short of actual violence. One such group, the Defenders of the Coyote, already includes more than a hundred college and high school students as well as businessmen and housewives.
　　In the long run, some coyote friends believe the only answer is to make a pet out of him ---- and there has been signal success in this regard, the coyote’s charm and loyally overcoming all difficulties. Others believe that the answer is to meet the coyote halfway. Have him, in other words, as he is, half pet and half wild. One who believes this is Los Angeles’ Gerald Coward, a man who, on a lonely walk up a canyon a few years ago, managed to make a lasting friend of a coyote. Every day for two and a half years, he walked up his canyon. And every day, for two and a half years, his coyote faithfully met him. All day they played and explored together, learning about each other ---- and then at the end of each day, they said good-bye. When the coyote mated, he even brought his companion to Coward at the same rendezvous. It was a remarkable period that existed until the terrible Los Angeles fire ---- when Mr. Coward saw his coyote no more. “The coyote,” he said, “is the greatest animal there is.”

Total Words: 1120 words
Total Reading Time _______
_______
The text is based on “Little Brother of the Wolf” by Cleveland Amory, in Invention and Design, Fourth Edition, Random House, Inc.

Detailed Study of Text A

◆ Reading Skill ─ Skimming
Skim the text and then answer the following questions.

1. What is the title of this article?
2. The first paragraph tells us that the little brother of the wolf is _______.
A. a wolf B. a coyote C. a man
3. The coyote has to be clever because _______.
A. the Mexicans regard it as the smartest person on earth
B. it has to save itself from human being’s merciless hunting
C. it has to outwit other animals
4. When a coyote is trapped, he ________.
A. chews off his own leg so that he can escape
B. remains in the trap
C. kills himself rather than remain in the trap
5. When the coyotes playing on the dam were found by the trappers,
________.
A. they managed to escape
B. they were caught and killed
C. the young ones escaped while their father died in protecting them
6. The “Humane Coyote-Getter” is ________.
A. a bait B. a trap gun C. sodium cyanide
7. The Fund for Animals announced a reward of $500 for ________.
A. people who stop hunters hunting coyotes
B. hunters who promise not to hunt coyotes any more
C. information which leads to the stopping of the hunting of coyotes.
8. Coyotes may make good pets because ________.
A. they are like dogs
B. they should be protected
C. they are charming and loyal
9. Gerald Coward is a man who ________.
Made a lasting friend of a coyote
A. Made a pet of a coyote
B. Gave up his job and lived with a coyote
10. The message of this article is ________.
A. it is time for human beings to stop killing coyotes
B. people should make coyotes their pets
C. people should kill coyotes in decent ways

Key: 1. Little Brother of the Wolf
2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. A

Vocabulary Building

I. Fill in each blank with one of the given words in its correct form.
exclude amaze betray danger
marvel moisture dead humane
1. Winds from the sea are usually ________.
2. If I do that, it will be a ________ of my principles.
3. Does the panda live ________ of bamboos?
4. It is ________ to treat animals cruelly.
5. On hearing the news, there was an ________ expression on her face.
6. No body knew how much his life was ________ then.
7. Television is one of the ________ of modern life.
8. This is one of nature’s ________ poisons.

Key : 1. moist 2. betrayal 3. exclusively 4. inhumane
5.amazing 6. dangerous 7. marvels 8. deadly

II. Fill in the blanks with words that are often confused.
1. desert, dessert
a. I’ve had enough of the fish. Shall we move on to ________?
b. He ________ his wife and children and went abroad.
2. favourable, favourite
a. Who is your ________ writer?
b. Her request met with a ________ response.
c. It’s encouraging to receive a ________ report on one’s work.
3. reward, award
a. The judge ________ substantial damages to the victims of the explosion.
b. Is this how you ________ me for my help?
c. She’s been ________ a scholarship to study at Oxford.

Key: 1. a. dessert b.deserted
2.a. favourite b. favourable c.favourable
3.a. awarded b.reward c.awarded

Ⅲ. Glossary
raccoon 　　kangaroo 　skunk 　　　hippopotamus 　　giraffe
ostrich 　　　seal 　　　leopard　　 beaver　　　　　 vulture
zebra 　　　hyena　　　 shark　　　 hedgehog 　　　reindeer
antelope 　　eagle 　　　cicada 　　squirrel 　　　　　parrot

4. Cloze
Fill in each blank with one suitable word.

Human beings learn to _______ with each other with nonlinguistic means as well as linguistic _______. All of us are familiar with the saying It wasn’t what he said; it was the way that he said it when, by _______ the word way, we mean something about the particular voice quality that was _______ evidence, or the set of a shoulder, or the obvious tension _______ certain muscles. A _______ may even be sent by the accompanying tone and gestures, so that each of I’m ready. You’re beautiful, and I don’t know where he is can mean the opposite of any such interpretation. Often we _______ difficulty in finding exactly what in the communication _______ the change of meaning, and any statement we make leads to the source of the gap between the literal _______ of the words and the total message that is likely to be expressed in impressionistic terms. It is likely to refer _______ something like a “glint” in a person’s _______, or a “threatening” gesture, or a “provocative” manner.

Key: 1.communicate 2. ones 3. interpreting 4. in 5. of
6. message 7. have 8. causes 9. meaning 10. to
11.eyes