Directions: You are expected to study this section in class. Don’t preview.

Word Pretest

For each italicized word, choose the best meaning below.

1. The idea might panic the international bankers.
A. create joy and delight in
B. create anxiety and fear in
C. create chaos and crisis in
2. He smothered the flames with a blanket.
A. covered up thickly
B. built up quickly
C. blew out slowly
3. She was ready to resume her duties.
A. begin later      B. begin at once    C begin again
4. The car accident obstructed the road for five hours.
A. constructed     B. blocked        C. objected
5. "Tilt your head back so that I can look down your throat," said the doctor.
A. Raise          B. Lean           C. Erect
6. His income is inadequate to meet his basic needs.
A. enough        B. not enough     C. more than enough
7. He lit his pipe and exhaled clouds of smoke.
A. breathed in     B. breathed out    C. breathed in and out
8. He slapped his son across the face.
A. hit with the palm of the hand
B. hit with the fist
C. hit with a stick
9. She compressed her nostrils to stop bleeding.
A. cleared up      B. rubbed     C. pressed together
10. The child cracked the nuts with a hammer.      
A. injured        B. broke     C. blew

Text A
First Aid

The main purpose of first aid is to provide proper care to suddenly ill or injured  persons until medical help becomes available or, for problems that do not need a  physician's attention.
Even a child can save a life by knowing what to do. For example, by rolling an unconscious person's head to one side, anyone can save that person from drowning in his own saliva or choking on his tongue. Many first-aid techniques are as simple. Others require preparation in advance, but almost anyone can learn most of the  important roles and methods.
PART I: BASIC RULES
1. Do not panic; control your emotions. Then reassure the victim if he or she is   conscious.
2. Ask for help. Send someone to call a physician, the police or fire department, or an ambulance. Ask others to stop traffic, get supplies, control crowds, etc. If you   are alone, go for help only after you have completed the most urgent first-aid   measures.
3. Move the victim out of the way of danger. Otherwise, do not move him until   professional help arrives. If the victim must be lifted, support all parts of the body as evenly as possible.
4. If the victim's clothes or hair are on fire and no water is at hand, smother the   flames by covering them with a coat, or blanket or roll him on the ground. Do not try to beat out flames with your hands.
5. If bright red blood is pouring out, put direct pressure on the wound immediately with any clean cloth or with your hand or fingers.
6. Roll an unconscious person's head over to the side. This keeps the tongue   from falling back against the throat. Then quickly loosen tight clothing and check for a bracelet, necktag, or card that might identify and provide instructions for any disorder the person might have.
7. If the victim has stopped breathing, check the mouth and throat with a finger     for any obstruction; then begin artificial respiration which is part of the CPR-     cardiopulmonary resuscitation -- life support technique described below.
PART II: CPR AND LIFE SUPPORT
The first part of CPR, clearing the airways, and the second part, artificial respiration, are easy to learn and are useful for many life-threatening emergencies. But the third part, external heart massage, must be practiced in advance to be sure of using it properly and safely.
If a person collapses and stops breathing, begin the ABC's of CPR. Do not go beyond A (clearing the airway) if breathing resumes. Do not go beyond B (mouth-to- mouth breathing) unless you are certain that the victim has no pulse. Use C (chest compression) only if you have prepared yourself in advance to do it properly. In all the steps, use proportionately lighter force for children.
(B) Breathing
1. With the victim's head in the uptilted position, pinch the nostrils closed, take a deep breath, and place your mouth tightly over his mouth. Then blow quickly and  deeply four times. After each time, raise your mouth and let air escape from the victim's mouth. Mouth-to-nose respiration may be used if the mouth cannot be opened or is badly injured. With small children, place your mouth over the mouth and nose.
2. If you feel resistance to your breath, and the victim's chest does not rise as you exhale or fall when you pause, the airway may still be obstructed. Bend the neck back farther and lift the chin higher. (Do not bend an infant's neck too far back or the  airway will close.) If no obstruction is found, roll the victim on his side toward you    and deliver four firm slaps between the shoulder blades.
Then place the victim on his back again, put your fist just above the navel, and  forcefully but carefully push once. These movements combined may force air out of  the lungs and remove any object trapped deeper in the airway.
3. After assuring an open airway, check for a pulse by placing your thumb and  middle finger on the neck on either side of the windpipe. If there is a pulse, resume the inhalations anal exhalations at the rate of one cycle every five seconds, or 12 a minute. Use shallower breaths for children, about 20 a minute. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation must not be stopped for more than 15 seconds in adults, proportionately less in children, until the victim is breathing on his own.
4. If these signs are present: (a) the victim is unconscious, (b) you feel no pulse,    and (c) the chest does not rise and fall, you may decide to proceed to C First yell for help.
(C) Chest Compression
1. Kneel alongside the victim
2. Place the heel of your hand just below the middle of the victim's breastbone   and your other hand on top of the first. Do not let your fingers touch the victim's ribs,  or you might possibly compress the wrong part of the chest, which could crack ribs or damage internal organs.
3. Leaning directly over the chest, give a firm push straight downward about two inches. Let the weight of your shoulders do the work rather than muscle power.
4. Push downward about 60 to 80 times a minute. Do not stop until a pulse can   be felt; if ribs have cracked, correct your position and proceed cautiously.
5. Chest compression must be matched with mouth-to-mouth breathing. If there   are two rescuers, one should give the mouth-to-mouth respiration at the rate of one   exhalation for every five compressions. If you have no help, give two exhalations after every 15 compressions at the compression rate of about 80 per minute. For small children the compression rate should be higher, about 100 to 125 a minute.
6. Do not interrupt CPR for more than 15 seconds at a time. Do not stop CPR   until the victim is breathing adequately on his own.

                 Total words: 981
Total Reading time:       minutes       seconds    
             
The text is based on Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia 1995, Compton's New   Media.

◆ Reading Skill   Recognizing the Pattern of Details

Read the following passage carefully, and identify the organizational pattern(s) with the help of the signal words or phrases.

(A) Airway Clearance
1. Place the victim on his back and support the neck.
2. Lift the neck and tilt the forehead backward, and then lift the chin upward. Do not lift or bend the neck if you 'think it might be injured. Push the chin upward without moving the neck.
3. Listen for breathing by placing your ear near the mouth; meanwhile, watch the chest for signs of movement. If the person is breathing, roll him carefully onto his side.
4. If there is no sign of breathing or breathing is inadequate, open the mouth and remove any foreign material that may interfere with resuscitation.

Pattern(s):

◆Reading Comprehension
Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. The main purpose of the text is to         .
A. provide proper care for suddenly ill persons
B. explain the basic rules and procedures of first aid
C. inform the readers of what CPR is
D. teach people how to deal with traffic accidents
2. Which of the following should be done first when someone is unconscious?
A. Send for a physician.
B. Stop the traffic.
C. Roll the victim's head to one side if it's not injured.
D. Move the victim out of danger.
3. When a victim's clothes or hair are on fire, you should not               .
A. pour water on him
B. roll him on the ground
C. cover him with a coat
D. beat the flame out with your hands
4. Rearrange the following steps in Airway Clearance in a correct order:        .
A. Listen for breathing and watch the chest for signs of movement
B. Place the victim on his back and support the neck
C. Open the mouth and remove any blocking material
D. Slope the forehead backward after lifting the neck and push the chin upward without moving the neck
5. Chest compression shouldn't be applied unless                 .
A. the victim is still unconscious after the airway clearance
B. you cannot feel pulse after mouth-to-mouth breathing
C. you have prepared yourself in advance to do it properly
D. all of the above
6. In breathing you take a deep breath and then blow quickly and deeply                 times into the mouth of the victim.
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. five
7. For small children in life-threatening danger, which of the following should be done faster with the same force?
A. Chest compression.
B. Artificial respiration.
C. Rolling the victim on the ground.
D. Clearing the foreign objects in the mouth.
8. The order of the CPR should be                  .
A. Mouth-to-mouth breathing
B. External heart massage
C. Airway clearance
D. Waiting for professional help

Key to reading skill:
1. Why Read Faster
2. C 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C

Vocabulary Building

① Word Search
Choose a word from the texts which means:

1.  a motor vehicle for carrying sick or wounded people to hospital (A: 15)
2.  very important or needing to be dealt with quickly or first (A: 16)
3.  situation or occurrence demanding immediate action (A: 37)
4.  the act of rubbing parts of the body to promote circulation or relaxation (A: 38)
5.  shout loudly (A: 67)
6.  one of the vessels that convey blood to the heart from all parts of the body (B: 19)
7.  one of the muscular elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body (B: 20)
8.  the crashing or breaking of a bone (B: 22)
9.  a thin watery swelling under the skin (B: 37)
10. a fatal disease caused by bacteria getting into wounds (B: 49)

②Use of English
Rewrite each of the sentences so that it still means the same, using the words on the le[t together with the correct form of COME.

1. IN FOR     The government has had to face a lot of criticism.
The government has ...

2. TO TERMS WITH   It's hard to accept the government's defense policy.
It's hard to...

3. -BACK    After retiring in 1980 he has decided to make a return to the political scene.
After retiring in 1980 he has...

4. TO THE BOIL  The situation has reached crisis point now that the government has to face a vote of confidence.
The situation has...

5. INTO EFFECT  The tax cuts announced in the Budget do not begin to operate until next year.
The tax cuts announced in the Budget do not...

6. OUT  The miners went on strike in protest against the government's privatization plans.
The miners went on...

③Stems
Study the following stems and their meanings. List some more examples inthe space provided.

sol/sul       1.           2.           3.           4:                        
ser(t)        1.           2.           3.           4:                       
pet/peat      1.           2.           3.           4:                       

Read each of the following sentences, and write down the meaning of the italicized word in the space provided

1. He played a violin solo at the performance.
solo:

2. They produced a series of books on plants of the world.
series:

3. Two villages in the north were isolated by heavy snowfalls.
isolate:

4. He has become so rude that his wife and children are deserting him.
desert:

5. Italy is a peninsula while Japan is a country with several islands.
peninsula:

6. He has .exerted all his strength to help you get the job.
exert:

7. Many houses could be warmer if they were insulated so that heat is not lost.
insulate:

8. The boy inserted his key in the lock, but failed to open it.
insert:

④ Synonyms
On each line in Column H there is one word which is a synonym of the word in Column I. Circle the synonyms.
I                 II
1. render          give         receive       seek
2. halt            release       free          stop
3. sterile          unclean,      antiseptic     productive
4. prevent         allow        block        advance
6. pierce          penetrate     remain       carry

◆Cloze
Fill in each blank with a word given below. Change the form of the word if necessary.

     fatalities      avoid    impaired     behind       adult
declining     signal    protect       pedestrian    case

Each year thousands of          are killed by motor vehicles. Most of the victims are children under the age of 14 and          over 64, though in the mid- 1980s the number of deaths among pedestrians in these two age groups was            It takes two to prevent motor-vehicle accidents to pedestrians -- the driver and the person on foot. Even the best driver cannot          an accident when a pedestrian acts foolishly. The most common situations in which pedestrians are struck by cars are when the pedestrians are walking against traffic         , crossing streets without looking to see if a car is coming. Among the increasing number of young-adult victims, it is often the         that the victims had been using alcohol or drugs that         their judgment.
Thousands of other people are killed while riding motorcycles or bicycles.
Wearing helmets can decrease the number of         and serious injuries among both motorcyclists and bicyclists. Again, skill, common sense, alertness, and courtesy are essential to safety.