Directions: You are expected to study this section in class. Don’t preview.

Word Pretest

For each italicized word or expression, choose the best meaning below.

1. We substituted red balls for blue, to see if the baby would notice.
A. kept                   B. held
C. changed                D. showed
2. If he's as smart as he says, why did the policemen catch him?
A. clever                  B. honest
C innocent                 D. handsome
3. The dead man has been identified as Mr. John Smith.
A. mistaken               B. recognized
C. thought of              D. seen
4. He attached some string to the can.
A. cut                    B. removed
C. attacked                D. connected
5. The characters in the film are just stereotypes with no individuality.
A. real men and women      B. common people
C. fixed types              D. strange persons
6. He always holds the notion that his son will become a great man.
A. fact                   B. term
C. idea                    D. notice
7. Tom confessed that he had eaten all the sweets.
A. guaranteed              B. kept the secret
C. permitted             D. admitted
8. Don't project your guilt feelings onto met
A. plan                   B. show
C. imagine                D blame
9. I have never managed to make housekeeping appealing to my daughter.
A. exciting                B. easy
C. attractive               D. meaningful        
10. The opinions of his peers are more important to him than his parent' s ideas.
A. relatives          
B. friends
C. people of the same age or position
D. people of the different age or position

Text A
 Your Name Is Your Destiny
For her first twenty-four years, she'd been known as Debbie a name that didn't suit her good looks and elegant manner. "My name has always made me think I should be a cheerleader," she complained. "I just don't feel like a Debbie?
One day, while filling out an application form for a publishing job, the young woman impulsively substituted her middle name, Lynne, for her first name Debbie.    "That was the smartest thing I ever did," She says now. "As soon as I stopped calling    myself Debbie, I felt more comfortable with myself. and other people started to take    me more seriously." Two years after her successful job interview, the former waitress    is now a successful magazine editor   friends and associates call her Lynne.
Naturally, the name change didn't cause Debbie/Lynne's professional achievement but it surely helped if only by adding a bit of self-confidence to her    talents. Social scientists say that what you're called can affect your life. Throughout    history, names have not merely identified people but also described them. "...As his    name is, so is he..." says the Bible, and Webster's Dictionary includes the following definition of name: "a word or words expressing some quality considered characteristic or descriptive of a person or a thing, often expressing approval or    disapproval." Note well "approval or disapproval": For better or worse, qualities such as friendliness or reserve, plainness or charm may be suggested by your name and conveyed to other people before they even meet you.
Names become attached to specific images, as anyone who's been called "a plain Jane" or "just an average Joe" can show. The latter name particularly bothers me since my name is Joe, which some think makes me more qualified to be a baseball player than, say, an art critic. Yet, despite this disadvantage, I did manage to become an art critic for a time. Even so, one prominent magazine consistently refused to print "Joe" in my by-line, using my first initials, J.S., instead. I suspect that if I were a more refined Arthur or Adrian, the name would have appeared complete.
Of course, names with a positive sense can work for you -- even encouraging    new acquaintances. A recent survey showed that American men thought Susan to bethe attractive female name, while, women believed Richard and David were the most attractive for men. One woman I know turned down a blind date with a man named Harry because "he sounded dull." Several evenings later, she came up to me at a party, pressing for an introduction to a very impressive man; they'd been exchanging glances all evening. "Oh," I said. "You mean Harry?" She was iii at ease.
Though most of us would like to think ourselves free from such prejudiced notions, we’re all guilty of name stereotyping to some extent, Confess: Wouldn't you    be surprised to meet a construction worker named Nigel? A fashion model called    Bertha? A Pope Mel? Often, we project name-based stereotypes on people, as one    woman friend discovered while taking charge of a day-care center's group of four-year olds. "There I was, trying to get a little active boy named Julian to sit quietly and read a book -- and pushing a thoughtful creature named Rory to play ball. I had their personalities confused because of their names?
Apparently, such prejudices can affect classroom achievement as well. In a study conducted by Herbert Harari of San Diego State University, and John McDavid of Georgia State University, teachers gave consistently lower grades on essays supposedly written by boys named Elmer and Hubert than they awarded to the same papers when the author's names were given as Michael and David. However, teacher prejudice isn't the 0nly source of classroom difference; Dr, Thomas V. Busse and Louisa Seraydarian of Temple University found that girls with names such as Linda, Diane, Barbara, Carol, and Cindy performed better on objectively graded IQ and achievement tests than did gifts with less appealing names. (A companion study showed that the girls' popularity with their peers was also related to the popularity of their names -- although the connection was less clear for boys)
Though your parents probably meant your name to last a lifetime, remember that when they picked it they'd hardly met you, and the hopes and dreams they cherished when they chose it may not match yours. If your name no longer seems to fit you, don't despair; you aren't stuck with the label. Movie stars regularly change their names, and with some determination, you can, too.

                    Total words: 756
Total reading time:        minutes    seconds        
             
The text is based on Better College Reading by Marvin S. Zuckerman and Gerald F. Wojcik. Los Angeles Valley College, 1984.

◆ Reading Skill——Finding the Main Idea
Read the following passages carefully, and answer the questions below.
Though most of us would like to think ourselves free from such prejudiced notions, we're all guilty of name stereotyping to some extent. Confess: Wouldn't you be surprised to meet a construction worker named Nigel? A fashion model called Bertha? A Pope Mel? Often, we project name-based stereotypes on people, as one woman friend discovered while taking charge of a day-care center's group of four-year olds. "There I was, trying to get a little active boy named Julian to sit quietly and read a book——and pushing a thoughtful creature named Rory to play ball. I had their personalities confused because of their  names!"

1. What is the topic or subject being discussed?

2 In your own words, what is the writer's main idea about this topic?

3. What are the specific details that support the main idea?

◆Reading Comprehension
Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. What does the title mean?
A. Your name is given before your birth.
B. Your name affects your life.
C. Your name cannot be changed.
D. Your name matches your life.
2. Lynne was once
A. a cheerleader.
B. a publisher.
C. a waitress.
D. an editor.
3. Why does the author quote one sentence from the Bible?
A. He wants to show the readers he is a learned scholar.
B. He wants to use it to support his argument.
C. He wants to be religious.
D. He wants to share his knowledge with the readers.
4. Which of the following statements is true?
A. A man named Nigel is likely to be thought as a construction worker.
B. A woman named Bertha is likely to be thought as a fashion model.
C. A man named Joe is likely to be thought to as a dull person.
D. A woman named Susan is likely to be a plain person.
5. According to Dr. Thomas V. Busse and Louisa Seraydarian of Temple University,                    
A. girl students with less attractive names performed well on objectively graded IQ and achievement tests.
B. girl students with less attractive names were popular with their peers
C. girl students with attractive names performed well on objectively graded IQ and achievement tests.
D. girl students with attractive names were not popular with their peers
6. The author's chief purpose is to                  
A. tell us. that traditional methods of name selection are no longer satisfactory because people form opinions on the basis of names.
B. outline the necessary legal steps for those people who are unhappy with their names and want a change in their lives.   
C. help readers in determining the influence of their given names on themselves and the people around them.
D. show that names seem to influence our lives, and if the effects are harmful you can change, your labels for ,the, better.

◆vocabulary Building .
Word Search
Find a word or phrase in the texts which means:

1. acting without careful thought (A: 5)
2. important; widely known (A: 24)
3. a line under the title of a newspaper or magazine article giving the author's name (A: 25)
4. the first letter of a person's name (A: 25)
5. to give officially (A: 45)
6. to keep (hope, love or other deep feelings) firmly m mind (A: 54)
7. family name (B: 3)
8. unwilling to accept changes and new ideas (B: 64) 
9. an extremely close relationship (B: 73) 
10. a seller of small articles that can be carried about or pushed on a cart (B: 107)

②Use of English
Rewrite each of the sentences so that it still means the same, using the words On the left together with the correct form of the verb GO. Look at the example first.

DOWN    Prices have fallen as a result of the fall in VAT.
Prices have gone down as a result of the fall in VAT.
1. OFF     By the time I opened the can its contents were no longer fit to drink,
2. OVER   I'll explain how it works before you try it yourself,            
3. BACK   ON I was told that it would be repaired free of charge but the man in the shop refuses to honour his promise.  
4. ROUND  The book was so popular that there weren't enough copies to supply the demand.
5. OUT OF BUSINESS  His shop has now stopped trading after making heavy                             losses.
6. BAD TO WORSE   The trade has deteriorated and staff are being laid off.   

③Stems
Study the following stems and their meanings. List some more examples in the in space provided. 

press       1.           2.           3.           4:                         
cede, ceed   1.           2.           3.           4:                         
sist         1.           2.           3.           4:                         

Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. His       came to an end when he learned the good news.
A) expression         B) depression
C) impression         D) oppression
2. Water        of the elements of hydrogen and oxygen.
A) consists            B) persists
C) assists             D) exists
3. They tried to        a design on the table cloth.
A) compress          B) suppress
C) express            D) impress
4. Shanghai        Nanjing in size and population.
A) exceeds            B) succeeds
C) exists              D) subsists
5. He       me in repairing my bicycle.
A)assisted             B)suppressed
C) expressed           D) resisted
6. The         of a high temperature in the patient puzzled the doctor.
A) resistance          B) existence
C) persistence         D) assistance

④Synonyms
On each line in Column H there is one word which is a synonym of the word in Column L Circle the synonym.
I                                                       II
1. elegant            graceful                  rough            plain
2. impulsively          thoughtfully                cautiously         spontaneously
3. object             oppose                 agree            consent
4. normal             odd                    irregular           usual
5. customer           vendor                  client            seller

◆ Cloze
Fill in each blank with a word given below. Change the form of the word if necessary.

      last         common         informal          form
men         except           nickname         middle

 A nickname is a familiar or          form of a first name. For example, William is a common name for a man, Bill (also Billy or Will) is a         for  William. Americans use nicknames more often than complete first names. Some first names, however, do not ordinarily have a nickname Carol, Ann, and Mary are names for women that do not have common nickname forms. Paul, Keith, and Mark are three common names for         that do not usually have nicknames.
Middle names are         in English, but they are not universal. In other words, most native speakers of English have middle names, but not all of them do.
Many         names are similar in kind to first names: Elizabeth, William, and Robert. Some middle names are the same as the first, middle, or         name of someone in the family —— a grandmother, for example. We do not use the nickname forms of middle names. In fact, we do not often use full middle names         on forms (documents, applications). Middle initials, however, are common: John W. Davis.