Directions: You are expected to study this section in class. Don’t preview.

Word Pretest

For each italicized word or expression, choose the best meaning below.
1. The police arrested several teenagers who were fighting.
   A. children
   B. people aged between 13 and 19
   C. adults
 2. I like the exciting rhythms of African drum music.
   A. style
   B. rhyme
   C. regular repeated pattern of sounds
 3. The blues was first performed by the black people of New Orleans.
   A. the color of the clear sky
   B. a slow, sad style of music
   C. a fast, happy style of music
 4. She rocked the baby to sleep.
   A. forced             B. allowed        C. moved from side to side
 5. His political ideas were too complex to get support from the ordinary people.
   A. easy and simple
   B. difficult to understand
   C. advanced
 6. Today's trend is toward less formal clothing.
   A. custom            B. fashion        C. idea

Text A
 Music's History May Show a Path to Future Peace

Country and folk music
The people living in the Appalachian Mountains are sometimes called "hillbillies." The first settlers there came from the British Isles, and they brought their folk music with them. This music, mixed with the blues, became hillbilly music.
Later, as hillbilly music became more popular, it was called country music. Country songs are often sad stories of love and broken hearts. In the 1920s people listened to country music on the radio. Not all country people were farmers. Many worked in the mines and factories. They also loved country music and it became the music of the working people.
During the 1930s America had many economic problems. Workers expressed their troubles in the folk music of the time. Folk songs are like country songs but they are more traditional and more serious.
They don't just talk about love, they tell about the lives of ordinary people. Woodie Guthrie was a folk song writer during the 1930s. He traveled around the country and wrote songs about the poor people.
During the 1950s folk music became popular again. Martin Luther King wanted to improve the lives of black Americans. He led peaceful marches to change the laws in the US. The marchers sang old folk songs like "We Shall Overcome."
In the 1960s many people were against the war in Vietnam. Folk singers like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez wrote anti-war songs like Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind," and other songs about the problems of American society. Folk music continued to be the most political of all music in America.

Rock 'n' roll
The 1950s were an exciting time for music in America. The economic problems of the 30s and the war of the 40s were over. America was rich again. A new. group of    people became important -- American teenagers. For the first time in history young    people had money to spend. They had a new way of dressing; new hair styles and new dances.
In the early 50s slow romantic songs were still popular. But teenagers wanted dance music with a good beat, and so they began to listen to R & B (rhythm and blues) on the black radio stations. Rock and roll music had a strong dance beat. The    musicians played electric guitars and the music was loud and fast. American teenagers loved it.
About the same time, the owner of Sun Record Company, Sam Phillips said "If I could find a white man who had the Negro (black) sound and the Negro feel, I could make $1 billion." He found his wish in Elvis Presley, the king of rock and roll. Elvis became a new American hero and young people copied his hair style, his dress, and his music.

Soul, disco and rap
After World War II a large number of black people moved from the South to the    big industrial cities like New York, Detroit, and Philadelphia. Many black people lived in poor parts of the city such as Harlem in New York. Musicians wrote and sang about life in the big cities. Life was hard but music and dancing made it a little easier.
Popular black music had a strong beat for dancing. At first this music was called rhythm and blues. By the 1960s it was called soul.
Soul music was always dance music but in the 1970s a new dance music became Popular — disco. Disco is a kind of soul music, often with Latin rhythms. Discos opened up all over America. At discos, the music was on records (discs), not live. Many of the disco musicians were black, but disco dancing was popular with most Americans.
In the 1980s a number of black musicians became superstars, for example: Prince, Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston. Some old stars like Tina Turner and Aretha Franklin made new hit records.
Rap is a very skillful kind of fast street talk, with a strong rhythm. It began with    young black people in the big cities. When rap talking is combined with music it is called rap music. Rap music became very popular in the 1980s.

New and old
By the 1970s rock music had become complex, with long guitar passages. It was not easy to dance to this music. Dance music was mostly disco, but many young    people were bored with this. They preferred a new kind of rock music. It was loud and simple with a strong beat. This music was called Punk or New Wave.
In the 1970s and 1980s new discoveries changed the way we listened to music. With a Walkman people could take music with them. They could listen to their favorite music on the train, in the plane, out jogging or anywhere they chose.
In 1981 a new TV station MTV, was started. Twenty-four hours a day this station played music videos. These videos became very popular. Soon every hit song    needed a video to go with it.
The 1980s was a time of new trends, but more traditional rock music also continued to be important. Heavy metal groups, with their long hair and loud music,    looked and sounded a lot like the groups of 20 years before.
In the 1980s, like in the 1960s, musicians and music fans became concerned    about many problems in the world. They were worried about the environment and about starving people. Videos like "Live Aid" were made by musicians to help solve    world problems. Music brings the people of the world together, and perhaps with    music we can also change the world and make it a better place.
Total word: 936
Total reading time              minutes        seconds       
             
The text is based on 21st Century June 12, 1996.

◆Reading Skill----Finding the Main Idea
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions below.

In the 1980s, like in the 1960s, musicians and music fans became concerned about many problems in the world. They were worried about the environment and about starving people. Videos like "Live Aid" were made by musicians to help solve world problems.

1. What is the topic or subject being discussed?

2. In your own words, what is the writer's main idea about this topic?

3. What are the specific details that support the main idea?

The surprising thing is that many people who consider themselves qualified music lovers abuse that level in listening. They go to concerts in order to lose themselves. They use music as an escape from the realities of everyday life. Music allows them to have a chance to dream, dreaming because of music yet never quite listening to it.

1. What is the topic or subject being discussed?

2. In your own words, what is the writer's main idea about this topic?

3. What are the specific details that support the main idea?

◆ Reading Comprehension
Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.
        1. Country songs are often sad stories of love and broken hearts.
        2. Like country songs, folk songs just talk about love.
      3. Folk music is the most political of all music in America.
      4. Rock 'n' roll had a strong dance beat.
      5. Elvis Presley became popular because he was a white man with the black sound and the black feel.
      6. R & B was also called soul.
      7. Punk is a kind of rock music which is loud and simple with a strong beat.
      8. MTV was started in 1980.

Vocabulary Building

Word Search
Find a word in the texts which means:
1. of music or any other art that has grown up among working and/or country people    (A: 1)
2. ability or power (B: 1)
3. affecting the senses pleasantly (B: 4)
4. having the qualities, skills or training necessary to do something (B: 14)
5. use in a wrong way (B: 15)
6. material (B: 23)
7. state of mind or feeling (B: 51)
8. clearness (B: 83)
9. make a great effort (B: 85)

②Semantic Variations
A word may have more than one meaning. We call these differences in meaning
"semantic variations" For each italicized word, decide which semantic variation
best expresses the meaning of the author. Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. mine (A: 8)
A. a bomb
B. any deposit of minerals
C. something or someone belonging to me
2. beat (A: 31)
A. a blow
B. regular stress
C. the usual path followed by someone on duty, esp. a policeman
3. hit (A: 68)
A. a blow
B. a very popular and successful record, play, or film
C. a shot that reaches its target
4. term (B: 3)
A. a school semester
B. a word or expression with a special meaning
C. a set period of time
5. note (B: 12)
A. a musical sound
B. a quality of voice
C. a record or reminder in writing
6. appeal (B: 18)
A. a strong request for help
B. attraction
C. a call to a higher court to change the decision of a lower court

③Stems
Study the following stems and their meanings. List some more examples in the
space provided.  

pos(e)        1.           2.           3.           4:                      
tract         1.           2.           3.           4:                       

Read each of the following sentences, and write down the meaning of the italicized
word in the space provided.

1. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
composed:

2. Metals expand with heat and contract with cold.
contract:

3. They encouraged customers to dispose of partially worn out goods.
dispose:

4. Don't impose yourself on people who don't want you.
impose:

5. If you subtract 3 from 5 you get 2.
subtract:

6. I always deposit my money in the bank around the comer.
deposit:

④Synonyms:
On each line in Column H there is one word which is a synonym of the word in Column L Circle the synonyms.
I                 II
1. subtle          keen             discriminating          obvious
2. general         specific           inclusive              widespread
3. harmony        unanimity         compatibility          disharmony
4. clarity          purity            confusion             clearness
5. connection      disconnection      link                  association

◆Cloze
Fill in each blank with a word given below. Change the form of the word if necessary.

      dance        interest           roots             voice
south        instruments        form             music

Jazz, the          of the American Negro, first became recognizable as a separate         of music towards the end of the 19th century in New Orleans, a city in the          of the United States of America. About 1910 dance musicians began using jazz phrases and today most           music include many such phrases. During the last ten years jazz has enjoyed a tremendous revival of          The instruments used were trumpets, clarinet, guitar, and drums. In the early days the piano was added and then saxophones and later still other         were introduced into jazz bands. The fundamentals of jazz are: (1) an instrumental style based on the imitation of the human         ; (2) a melodic style where major and minor keys are often undetermined; (3) a rhythm which has its         in Africa; (4) improvisation, where each musician varies the melody from performance to performance.