Directions: You are expected to study this section in class. Don’t preview.

Word Pretest

For each italicized word or expression, choose the best meaning below.

1. They have the exclusive use of the machine.
A. permanent
B. sole
C. daily
2. This contract is renewable after two years.
A. can be extended
B. can be reviewed
C. can be canceled
3. According to the provisions of the agreement the interest on the loan must be paid monthly.
A. preparations
B. conditions
C. supplies
4. The car is registered in my name.
A. formally recorded
B. formally donated
C. formally received
5. Government makes the laws and the police enforce them.
A. implement
B. violate
C. obey
6. Many factories suffered substantial damage.
A. little
B. severe
C. limited
7. They have a reciprocal hatred for each other.
A. equivalent
B. opposite
C. mutual
8. Most western nations are signatories of this treaty.
A. designers
B. signers
C. supporters

Text A
Copyright

The social purpose of the copyright system is to encourage creativity and the    advancement of knowledge by giving those who make intellectual contributions an    "exclusive right to their writings and discoveries" for limited times. In copyright law    this can include literary, musical, or artistic works. Protection is provided for a much longer time for copyrights than for patents. The US Copyright Law of ! 976, adopted    after several years of consideration by the Congress, provides a term or the lifetime of the author plus 50 years. The earlier US law provided a term of 28 years, renewable for a further 28 years. The present provision has become the generally accepted term for copyright in most countries. It recognizes that the value of written works often extends over a longer time than that of technological advances in the public area.
It is not essential to register written works for formal copyright protection in    order to have at least some degree of protection against the copying of one's works by others. Unpublished writings are subject to common law rights that can be enforced in courts. The copyright of a published work is created by proper marking on all copies. The Copyright Office is a branch of the Library of Congress, and the procedure for obtaining a copyright registration is quite simple -- an application is submitted with a modest fee and two copies of the work. No examination is made, and the copy-right is immediately in force.
The Copyright Office will provide on request a variety of leaflets describing20 their procedures and giving information about the classes of subject matter that can be registered. Those are subject to protection:

1. Books
2. Periodicals and newspapers
3. Oral talks -- lectures and sermons
4. Dramatic compositions
5. Musical compositions
6. Maps
7. Works of art
8. Reproductions of works of art
9. Drawings of scientific character
10. Photographs
11. Prints and labels
12. Motion pictures
13. Sound recordings

Those are not subject to protection:
1. Ideas
2. Systems, methods, plans
3. Titles by themselves
4. Laws and opinions of courts
5. Government publications

Copyrights differ from patents not only in the ease by which they are obtained but in the kind of protection provided. While a patent gives the right to exclude all others from using the same invention, a copyright protects the holder only against those who knowingly copy or use the same form of expression as that of the author. Another author who independently creates a work of the same or nearly the same content and form has an equal right to obtain copyright protection. The copyright, in other words, protects against copying, especially with respect to the unique, original form of expression of the author. The novelty of the subject matter is not as important as it is with patents. Copyright violation happens only if substantial portions of a copyrighted work in the author's exact language or form have been copied into another work.
The uses that are controlled by copyright include reproduction and distribution   and public performance of dramatic or musical works for profit. Private use, loan or sale of a personal copy to another person and use of information gained from the work are not restricted by copyright. Uses such as photocopying of documents and   distribution of program material by cable television network have been the subject of extended discussion. The US Copyright Law of 1 976 allows "fair use" of copyrighted material -- that is, copying of limited portions of a work for purposes such as news reporting, criticism, teaching, scholarship, or research. Single photocopies may be 'made of material such as a journal article, but systematic reproduction of multiple copies, as by a library, is forbidden. Licensing arrangements between publishers and  libraries will no doubt be negotiated, in the way radio and television stations are licensed to use musical works.
To hold a copyright under the law, copyright notice must be included in the work at the time of the first public distribution, in the way prescribed as follows: the mark and/or the words Copyright by, the author's or publisher's name, and the year must be printed at a particular location. This notice must appear on every copy. Such    publication secures the copyright. Sending two copies of the published work in the  Copyright Office together with an application and the required fee provides the    registration needed before a copyright violation suit can be set up for the first time.
An international convention provides for reciprocal recognition of copyrights    between signatory countries. Most of the major countries of the world are members.         Present-day US copyright law is the result of two comprehensive recodifications  of the federal statute in 1909 and 1976, a third, less-sweeping revision in 1988. A    principal purpose of the 1909 and 1976 revisions was to accommodate copyright to    new technologies for creating and exploiting authored works, and the major purpose    of the 1988 revisions was to move toward meeting the requirements of the Berne    Convention, an international treaty for the protection of copyright. The 1988 revision and consequent US adherence to the Berne Convention in 1989 were promoted by the growing importance of copyrighted works in international commerce and by the resolve to enhance protection for them and to suppress the proliferation of privacy.

                          Total words: 877
Total reading time: __ minutes     seconds              
The text is based on Understanding Chemical Patents 1978, American Chemical    Society.    

◆Reading Skill – Outlining

Write an outline of the text in Section A. Certain items have been provided as a clue to the structure.

Title:
Main Idea:
I.
A.
B.
II. Copyright registration
A.
B. Two classes of subject matter
III.
A.
B.
IV. The use of copyright
A.
B.
V. Copyright notice
A.
B.
VI.
A.
B.

◆Reading Comprehension
Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. Protection is provided for         time for copyrights         for patents.
A. a shorter...than
B. a longer...than
C. the same period of .. as
2. The US Copyright Law of 1976 provides a term of          .
A. 28 years
B. 56 years
C. the lifetime of the author plus 50 years
3. According to the author, unpublished writings are subject to            .
A. copyright law
B. patent law
C. common law
4. Copyrights differ from patents in that they                  .
A. are more difficult to be obtained
B. protect the holder against those who knowingly copy the same form of expression
C. give the right to exclude all others from using the same invention
5. Which of the following is not subject to protection of copyright?
A. Dramatic composition
B. Musical composition
C. government publications
6. Which of the following is not included in copyright notice?
A. The author's or publisher's name.
B. The term of copyright
C. The year printed at a particular location
7. The "fair use" of copyright material means
A. people can copy a limited portions of a work for research
B. people can copy a complete book if they do it secretly
C. library can make many copies of a complete book for readers

◆Vocabulary Building
Word Search
Find a word in texts which means:

1. a set of actions necessary for doing something (A: 15)
2. a number of different things (A: 19)
3. including many different types (A: 61)
4. a written and official request (A: 70)
5. advance (B: 32)
6. hardworking; showing steady careful effort (B: 41)
7. the quality of being different, new and unusual (B: 69)
8. related to a court of law, judges or their judgments (B: 75)
9. the act of making known publicly (B: 83)
10. something that causes activity (B: 95)

Use of English
Rewrite each of the sentences so that it still means the same, using the words on the left together with the correct form of the verb GET.

1. DOWN              This cloudy weather is making me feel depressed.
This cloudy weather...

2. OVER WITH        I would like to finish this meeting as quickly as possible.
I would like to...

3. THROUGH          You won't be able to make her understand what she has to do.
You won't...

4. ON NERVES        His refusal to commit himself does annoy me.
His refusal to...

5. ALONG             Thomas and David are very good friends.
Thomas and David...

6. ROUND             One of these days I must find time to reply to all this
correspondence.
One of these days I must...

Stems
Study the following stems and their meanings. List some more examples in the space provided

cred         1.           2.           3.           4:                       
dens         1.           2.           3.           4:                      
fend/fens     1.           2.           3.           4:                        

Read each of the following sentences, and write down the meaning of the italicized word in the space provided

1. New York and Tokyo are densely populated cities.
densely:

2. The defense of the territory is the duty of every citizen.
defense:
3. Why don't you make arrangements to buy the car on credit?
credit:

4. When water is taken out of milk, the milk becomes condensed and stronger.
condense:

5. His success story, though unusual, is incredible.
incredible:

6. The fog is so dense that you can't see three feet in front of you.
dense:

Synonyms
On each line in Column H there is one word which is a synonym of the word in Column I. Circle the synonyms.
Ⅰ                    II
1. competitive      friendly       auxiliary      rival
2. ultimate         final          chief         primary
3. diversity        uniformity    variety       similarity
4. private         public        open         personal
5. exclude         include       incorporate   bar

◆Cloze
Fill in each blank with a word given below. Change the form of the word if necessary.

     addition      works        minimum          basis
adopt        participate    revise             concept

Because the copyright laws of countries differ, basic uniform copyright protection on a worldwide          has become increasingly necessary and desirable. Established in 1886 and          several times later, the Berne Convention sets certain           standards for copyright in those countries adhering to it. In           , the Convention employs the principle of national treatment -- that is, that a signatory country should give protection to          from other countries at least as favorable as to those of the country itself. Although the United States did not adhere to Berne until 1989, it           in the composition of the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) which was          at Geneva in 1952. The UCC also embodies fundamental           of  U.S. and European copyright law but set less severe minimum standards than Berne.