|
Directions: You are expected to study this section in class. Don’t preview.
- Word Pretest
For each italicized word or experession, choose the best meaning below.
1. Even in the desert, there was a kind of social hierarchy.
A. community B. class C. arrangement in order of rank or importance D. system of values
2. I depended on his companionship and on his judgement..
A. money B. advice C. help D. friendship
3. Thousands of people could die of starvation if the crops fail again.
A. disease B. poverty
C. hunger D. disaster
4. When the homeless child had no more money, he resorted to stealing.
A. started to B. had to C. returned to D. turned to
5. In old days few people could earn enough to sustain their families.
A. save B. support C. help D. afford
6. Oxford University is one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
A. big B. precious C. famous D. professional
7. Because of his excellent academic performance, he will be given tenure at Columbia University.
A. a permanent position B. a temporary position
C. the sack D. reward
8. We are lobbying for a reduction in defense spending
A. voting for B. protesting against
C. fighting for D. persuading people to support
Key
Cultural Background:
Abraham Maslow developed a theory of personality that has influenced a number of different fields, including education. This wide influence is due in part to the high level of practicality of Maslow's theory. This theory accurately describes many realities of personal experiences. Many people find they can understand what Maslow says. They can recognize some features of their experience or behavior which is true and identifiable but which they have never put into words.
Maslow has set up a hierarchy of five levels of basic needs. Beyond these needs, higher levels of needs exist. These include needs for understanding, esthetic appreciation and purely spiritual needs. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied, nor the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on.
Maslow’s books are easy to read and full of interesting ideas. The best known are Toward a Psychology of Being (1968), Motivation and Personality (first edition, 1954, and second edition, 1970), and The Further Reaches of Human Nature (1971). Finally, there are many articles by Maslow, especially in the Journal of Humanistic Psychology, which he cofounded. For more information on-line, go to http://www.nidus.org.
Text
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
— Psychology in Business
1 A tool that managers can apply to understand human needs was developed by Abraham H. Maslow in his book Motivation and Personality. Maslow developed a
Figure 1 Abrabham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs.
five-level orer, or hierarchy, of human needs, which is shown in Figure 1. A major point of this hierarchy is that each need level must be generally satisfied before the persoon attempts to fill those needs on the next level. The first two needs are considered primary, or lower-order needs: the remaining three are secondary, or higher-order, needs. Let’s discuss each of these levels.
2 Physical need is the fundamental need for food, clothing, and shelter. People must be able to satisfy this nee before they go after any of the higher ones. Someone who faces death by starvation or poverty may resort to stealing, robbery or murder to meet fundamental, life-sustaining needs, despite what society might think. Work satisfiels these needs if an emplyer pays wages or salaries that allow employees to buy the simle necessities.
3 The safety and security need is the need to avoid bodily harm and uncertainty obout one’s well-being. People become conscious of this need after they fulfill the first one. This kind of need satisfaction would come from tenure for a college professor, a union contract defining policies and procedures for layoff for a steelworker, or insurance and retirement programs for employees.
4 Social need is the need to be accepted by people whose opinions and friendship you value. One the job, pleasant relations with co-workers help people meet these needs. The office conversation during the coffee break reflects employees’ needs to interact socially as well as in their official business roles. The groups which employees from at lunch-time are also a result of their need to be social. In other areas of life, active participation in religious, social, and professional organizations and activities with family and friends satisfy them.
5 Esteem need is the need to feel important, admired, and worthwhile. Like the previous level of need, this one is fulfilled by a combination of activities on and off the job. Although work can fulfill this lneed by giving out prestigious promotions, a high salary, and organizational status symbols, some employees disregard job-related fulfillment, choosing instead to pursue an outside activity that brings them praise and fespect from others. Perhaps you have worked with someone who, although not a particularly good employee, was a recognized expert on rare coins, an authority on boating safety, or the leading member of a popular local music band.
6 Self-realizatin need is the need to get the maximum reward from one’s life experience; to maximize one’s skills, abilities, and potential. The highest point in Maslow’s hierarchy is to reach your potential. A characteristic of people who are self- fulfilled through their work is rising to the top of an organization, a trait shown by many top executives of large corporations. The possibility of achieving self-fulfillment in work attracts many businesspeople to start their own businesses. Self-realization also can be achieved by pursuing a variety of activities: a multimillionaire business owner who takes flying lessons and teaches life-saving techniques at the local Red Cross or a registered nurse who lobbies for environmental issues both combine work and hobbies to achieve self-fulfillment.
7 Maslow’s view of motivation challenges and assists managers to identify the needs of each worker — an often difficult task. By analyzing comments, attitudes, quality and quantity of work, and personal situations, the manager can identify the particular level of need that each one is trying to satisfy. Then the manager can try to build into each job the opportunity to satisfy those needs. If the work experience is improved, thus satisfying certain needs more fully, employees will be motivated and manager will harvest the benefits along with them.
Total words: 700
Total reading time: minutes seconds
The text is based on “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs” in Reading at the University, by Linda Harbaugh Hillman. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers, 1990
- Reading Skill: Distinguishing Topic from Main Idea
Read each of the selected paragraphs in Text A carefully. Write down its topic in words or phrases, and its main idea in a full sentence.
1. Paragraph 2
Topic:
Main Idea:
2. Paragraph 3
Topic:
Main Idea:
3. Paragraph 4
Topic:
Main Idea:
4. Paragraph 5
Topic:
Main Idea:
5. Paragraph 6
Topic:
Main Idea:
- Reading Comprehension
Decide whether each of the following sentences is ture or falsse.
1. In maslow’s hierarchy of human needs, primary needs must be satisfied before secondary needs.
2. Acceptance is an esteem need which belongs to higher-order needs.
3. A worker’s wage may satisfy his fundamental, life-sustaining needs.
4. Upon graduation, students looking for jobs are seeking to fulfill their social needs.
5. Being a member of a club is a result of one’s need to be social.
6. A professor may satisfy his esteem need through his achievement in his field.
7. On top of Maslow’s hierarchy is the need to relize oneself.
8. A manager should try to satisfy the workers’ needs because this satisfaction is of benefit to the workers as well as to the manager.
- Vocabulary Building
① Word Match
Match the following words with their definitons within each group of five words.
hierarchy respect
motivate a person with special knowledge or trainning
expert basic
esteem an arrangement in order of rank, importance, etc.
fundamental provide (someone) with a strong reason for doing something
security something needed
necessity safety; protection
companionship regard as good, or important
value very small of the kind
miniature fellowship
spectacular exactly alike
hereditary a clear understanding
mature marvelous
insight which can be or is passed down from parents to child
identical fully grown, developed
Complete the sentences with the words above. Change the forms if necessary.
1. The shape of one’s face, the length of one’s nose, and one’s height are determined by .
2. Some businessme the city government to pay attention to their problems.
3. There was a display of fireworks on New Year’Eve.
4. The twin brothers don’t have interests though they look the same.
5. She’s in some ways and in some ways rather a child.
6. I’ve always your advice.
7. Visiting Los Angels gave me into the lives of the people who live there.
8. She missed her mother’s and love.
② Prefixes
Many words in this unit begin with prefixes such as psych-, uni-, and multi-. Consider the following examples:
prefix meaning example
pysch- of the mind psychology = the study of the human mind
uni- one; single union = the state of becoming one
multi- many multimillionaire = a person with several million
pounds or dollars
What other words can you think of that begin with these prefixes? Find some in this unit. You may use your dictionary if you like. Add more to the list if you can.
psych- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
unil- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
multi- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Read the sentence and guess the meaning of the italicized word. Then write the meaning of the italicized word in the space provided.
1. The project was called off for a multitude of resons.
multitude:
2. Dr. Davis have made multiple achievements in his field.
multiple:
3. 5 multiplied by 5 is 25.
multinational:
4. The multinational troops have landed on Kuwait.
multinational:
5. At sight of a policeman in uniform the thief ran away.
uniform:
6. The country consisted of several small states and was unified recently.
unify:
7. There is no univer sal language that everyone can learn and use.
universal:
8. Some doctors use psychotherapy to treat their patients.
psychotherapy:
9. Dr. Freud is a very famous psychologist.
psychologist:
10. This feeling lies deep in her psyche.
psyche:
- Cloze
Fill in each of the blanks with a word given below.
logical playing birthday wonderful mental
sense lived brother paid spend
Sigmud Freud, the world-famous doctor of Vienna, was a thinker who changed the way look at mental trouble. He also had a of humor.
Once, at his 70th birthday party, a relative asked Freud if he could upt his work into simple words. “Well,” said the Professor, “we take the patient out of his
trouble, and return him to the common misery.”
Freud had three sisters. They had never married. They each in a small apartment. Freud and his brother the sisters’ bills. The sisters lived simple. The brother asked Uncle Sigi, as Freud was called in his arge family, if the sisters could live together. “It’s logical,” said the , “it would save money.”
Freud said, “Yes, it’s . but it wouldn’t be psychological.” The sisters kept their own apartments, and the idea was dropped.
Freud was a dvoted son. His mother used to her summers in Ischl, a small mountain town in Austria. The emperor Franz Josef used to spend his summers in Ischl, too.
Grandma Freud, as she was called by the family, used to sit at the window and watch the crowds on Main Street. Freud was visiting his mother on her 95th birthday. The band was a lively tune. The old lady’s memory must have failed her. She heard the band playing, but forgot it was the Emperor’s . The Professor told his mother, “Mama, the band is playing for your birthday.” She believed him and had a
day.
Key |
